Cov khoom
Panasonic SMT Chip Mounter NPM-D3
Feature
Kev tsim khoom siab hauv cheeb tsam nrog tag nrho cov kab mountingHigher productivity thiab zoo nrog luam ntawv, tso kawm thiab tshuaj xyuas txheej txheem kev koom ua ke
Configurable modules tso cai rau cov kab hloov tau yooj yim teeb lub taub hau qhov chaw yooj yim nrog plug-and-play functions.
Kev tswj hwm ntawm kab, pem teb thiab lub Hoobkas nrog qhov system softwareProduction txoj kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev saib xyuas cov kab khiav haujlwm.
Total Line daws
Cov kab me me-footprint modular los ntawm kev txhim kho lub taub hau tshuaj xyuas
Muab kev tsim khoom zoo nrog kev tshuaj xyuas hauv kab
* 1: PCB traverser conveyor yuav tsum tau npaj los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.* 2: Thov hu rau koj tus neeg muag khoom rau cov tshuab luam ntawv sib xws thiab cov ntsiab lus ntxiv.
Cov kab ntau lawm
Kev sib xyaw ntau lawm nrog ntau hom substrates ntawm tib kab kuj tau muab nrog cov khoom siv dual.
Simultaneous realization ntawm cheeb tsam siab productivity thiab high-precision tso
Hom ntau lawm (High ntau hom: ON
Max.Ceev: 84 000 cph * 1 (IPC9850 (1608): 63 300cph * 1 ) / Qhov tseeb qhov chaw: ± 40 μm
High precision hom (High ntau lawm hom: OFF
Max.ceev: 76 000 cph * 1 / Qhov chaw raug: ± 30 μm (Option: ± 25μm * 2)
* 1: Tact rau 16NH × 2 taub hau * 2: Raws li cov xwm txheej tau teev tseg los ntawm Panasonic
Tshiab tso lub taub hau
 | Lub teeb 16-nozzle taub hau |
Tshiab high-rigidity puag
 | High rigidity puag txhawb kev kub ceev / raug tso |
Multi-paub lub koob yees duab
· Peb lub luag haujlwm lees paub ua ke rau hauv ib lub koob yees duab
· Kev lees paub nrawm dua nrog rau qhov ntsuas qhov siab ntawm cov khoom
· Upgradable ntawm 2D rau 3D specifications
High productivity - Ua haujlwm dual mounting txoj kev
Alternate, Independent & Hybrid Placement
Xaiv tau "Lwm txoj" thiab "Independent" dual txoj kev tso cai tso cai rau koj kom siv tau zoo ntawm txhua qhov kom zoo dua.
• Hloov:
Pem hauv ntej thiab nram qab lub taub hau muab tso rau ntawm PCBs nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej thiab nram qab txoj kab sib hloov.
• Independent:
Pem hauv ntej lub taub hau executes qhov chaw ntawm PCB nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej kab thiab rear taub hau executes qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub rear kab.
High productivity los ntawm tag nrho cov kev tso kawm ywj siab
Ua tiav qhov kev tso chaw ywj pheej ntawm cov khoom siv tais diav los ntawm kev sib txuas ncaj qha nrog NPM-TT (TT2). Muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej tag nrho ntawm cov khoom siv tais diav txhim kho lub sij hawm ntawm nruab nrab-, qhov loj-loj tivthaiv tso nrog 3-nozzle taub hau.Cov zis ntawm tag nrho cov kab yog txhim kho.
PCB pauv lub sij hawm txo
Tso cai rau PCB standby nrog tsawg dua L = 250mm * ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub tshuab kom txo tau lub sijhawm sib pauv PCB thiab txhim kho cov khoom tsim tau.
* Thaum xaiv luv conveyors
Tsis siv neeg hloov pins txhawb nqa (xaiv)
Automate txoj hauj lwm hloov pauv ntawm tus pins txhawb pab kom tsis txhob nres hloov pauv thiab pab txuag tib neeg lub zog thiab kev ua haujlwm yuam kev.
Kev txhim kho zoo
Qhov chaw qhov siab tswj kev ua haujlwm
Raws li PCB warpage cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv tuab ntawm txhua yam ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau muab tso rau, kev tswj ntawm qhov chaw tso siab yog optimized los txhim kho mounting zoo.
Kev txhim kho tus nqi khiav haujlwm
Feeder qhov chaw pub dawb
Nyob rau hauv tib lub rooj, feeders tuaj yeem teeb tsa nyob txhua qhov chaw.Alternate allocation as well as setting of new feeders for next production can be done while the machine is in operation.
Feeders yuav xav tau off-line cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim los ntawm kev txhawb nqa chaw nres tsheb (kev xaiv).
Solder Inspection (SPI) • Cheeb Tsam Cheeb Tsam (AOI) – Lub taub hau tshuaj xyuas
Kev tshuaj xyuas
· Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov muag muag
Mounted Cheebtsam Inspection
· Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov khoom mounted
Pre-mounting txawv teb chaws khoom * 1 tshuaj xyuas
· Pre-mounting txawv teb chaws khoom soj ntsuam ntawm BGAs
· Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom txawv teb chaws txoj cai ua ntej muab cov ntaub ntawv kaw
* 1: Npaj rau chip Cheebtsam (tshwj tsis yog rau 03015 mm nti).
SPI thiab AOI tsis siv neeg hloov pauv
· Solder thiab tivthaiv tshuaj xyuas yog hloov tau raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntau lawm.
Kev sib sau ua ke ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas thiab tso cov ntaub ntawv
· Lub hauv paus tswj hwm lub tsev qiv ntawv lossis cov ntaub ntawv sib koom ua ke tsis tas yuav tsum muaj ob qho kev saib xyuas ntawm txhua tus txheej txheem.
Tsis siv neeg txuas rau cov ntaub ntawv zoo
· Tsis siv neeg txuas cov ntaub ntawv zoo ntawm txhua tus txheej txheem pab koj qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tsis zoo.
Adhesive Dispensing - Lub taub hau Dispensing
Screw-type discharge mechanism
· Panasonic's NPM muaj cov txheej txheem HDF tso tawm, uas ua kom cov khoom siv tau zoo.
Txhawb ntau yam dot / kos duab dispensing qauv
· High precision sensor (xaiv) ntsuas qhov siab ntawm PCB hauv cheeb tsam kom ntsuas qhov siab qhov siab, uas tso cai rau kev xa tawm tsis sib cuag ntawm PCB.
Kev tso kawm zoo - APC system
Tswj kev hloov pauv hauv PCBs thiab cov khoom siv, thiab lwm yam ntawm txoj kab hauv qab kom ua tiav cov khoom tsim tau zoo.
APC-FB*1 Cov lus teb rau lub tshuab luam ntawv
● Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas ntsuas los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas, nws kho qhov chaw luam ntawv.(X, Y, θ)
APC-FF*1 Feedforward rau lub tshuab tso kawm
· Nws txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas txoj hauj lwm, thiab kho qhov chaw tso kawm (X, Y, θ) raws li.Chip Cheebtsam (0402C / R ~) Pob khoom (QFP, BGA, CSP)
APC-MFB2 Kev Tshaj Tawm rau AOI / Cov Lus Qhia rau lub tshuab tso kawm
· Kev tshuaj xyuas txoj haujlwm ntawm APC offset txoj haujlwm
· Lub kaw lus soj ntsuam AOI tivthaiv cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas txoj hauj lwm, kho qhov chaw tso kawm (X, Y, θ), thiab yog li tswj qhov kev tso kawm kom raug.Compatible nrog chip Cheebtsam, qis electrode Cheebtsam thiab lead Cheebtsam * 2
* 1: APC-FB (feedback) / FF (feedforward): 3D tshuaj xyuas tshuab ntawm lwm lub tuam txhab tuaj yeem txuas nrog.(Thov nug koj tus neeg muag khoom hauv zos kom paub meej.)*2 : APC-MFB2 (mounter feedback2): Cov khoom siv sib txawv ntawm ib tus neeg muag khoom AOI mus rau lwm tus.(Thov nug koj tus neeg muag khoom hauv zos kom paub meej.)
Cheebtsam pov thawj kev xaiv - Off-line teeb txhawb chaw nres tsheb
Tiv thaiv kev teeb tsa yuam kev thaum lub sij hawm hloov pauv Muab kev ua kom ntau lawm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm yooj yim
* Wireless scanners thiab lwm yam khoom siv los muab los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom
· Preemptively deters Cheebtsam misplacement Tiv thaiv misplacement los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntau lawm nrog cov ntaub ntawv barcode ntawm changeover Cheebtsam.
· Tsis siv neeg teeb tsa cov ntaub ntawv synching muaj nuj nqiLub tshuab nws tus kheej ua qhov tseeb, tshem tawm qhov xav tau xaiv cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa cais.
· Interlock functionIb yam teeb meem lossis lapses hauv kev pov thawj yuav nres lub tshuab.
· Navigation functionA navigation muaj nuj nqi los ua kom cov txheej txheem pov thawj nkag tau yooj yim dua.
Nrog rau cov chaw txhawb nqa, offline feeder cart teeb yog ua tau txawm tias sab nraum lub tsev tsim khoom.
· Muaj ob hom kev txhawb nqa chaw nres tsheb.
Changeover peev xwm – Tsis siv neeg changeover xaiv
Txhawb kev hloov pauv (cov ntaub ntawv tsim khoom thiab kev hloov pauv dav dav) tuaj yeem txo lub sijhawm poob
· PCB ID nyeem-nyob rau hauv typePCB ID nyeem-nyob rau hauv muaj nuj nqi yog xaiv los ntawm ntawm 3 hom ntawm sab nraud scanner, lub taub hau lub koob yees duab los yog daim ntawv npaj.
Changeover peev xwm - Feeder teeb navigator xaiv
Nws yog ib qho cuab yeej txhawb nqa los mus rau kev teeb tsa tau zoo.Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb hauv lub sijhawm nws yuav siv sijhawm los ua thiab ua tiav cov haujlwm teeb tsa thaum kwv yees lub sijhawm tsim khoom thiab muab tus neeg teb xov tooj nrog cov lus qhia teeb tsa.Qhov no yuav pom thiab ua kom yooj yim teeb tsa cov haujlwm thaum teeb tsa rau cov kab ntau lawm.
Kev txhim kho tus nqi khiav lag luam - Qhov chaw muab kev xaiv navigator
Ib qho khoom siv txhawb nqa kev txhawb nqa uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb.Nws txiav txim siab lub sij hawm sab laug kom txog rau thaum cov khoom siv khiav tawm thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm tus neeg teb xov tooj txav mus xa cov lus qhia muab khoom rau txhua tus neeg teb xov tooj.Qhov no ua tiav cov khoom siv tau zoo dua.
* PanaCIM yuav tsum muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm saib xyuas cov khoom siv rau ntau cov kab ntau lawm.
PCB cov ntaub ntawv kev sib txuas lus muaj nuj nqi
Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov cim kev lees paub ua tiav ntawm thawj NPM tshuab hauv kab yog dhau mus rau hauv NPM cov cav tov.uas tuaj yeem txo lub sij hawm voj voog siv cov ntaub ntawv xa mus.
Data Creation System – NPM-DGS (Model No.NM-EJS9A)
Qhov no yog ib pob software uas muab kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv tivthaiv thiab PCB cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm uas ua kom cov kab txuas ntxiv nrog kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev ua kom zoo dua qub.
* 1: Lub khoos phis tawj yuav tsum tau yuav nyias.* 2: NPM-DGS muaj ob txoj haujlwm tswj hwm hauv pem teb thiab kab theem.
CAD import
Tso cai rau koj import CAD cov ntaub ntawv thiab xyuas polarity, thiab lwm yam, ntawm qhov screen.
Kev ua kom zoo
Realizes siab productivity thiab kuj tso cai rau koj los tsim ib qho arrays.
PPD editor
Hloov kho cov ntaub ntawv ntau lawm ntawm PC thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom kom txo tau lub sijhawm poob.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv
Tso cai rau kev tswj hwm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev qiv ntawv suav nrog kev txhim kho, tshuaj xyuas thiab xa tawm.
Data Creation System - Lub koob yees duab Offline (xaiv)
Cov ntaub ntawv txuas tuaj yeem tsim offline txawm tias lub tshuab ua haujlwm.
Siv lub koob yees duab kab los tsim cov ntaub ntawv tivthaiv. Teeb pom kev zoo thiab kev lees paub ceev tuaj yeem lees paub ua ntej, yog li nws pab txhawb kev txhim kho cov khoom tsim tau thiab zoo.
 | Lub koob yees duab Offline |
Data Creation System - DGS Automation (xaiv)
Automated phau ntawv niaj hnub ua haujlwm txo qis kev ua haujlwm yuam kev thiab lub sijhawm tsim cov ntaub ntawv.
Los ntawm kev sib koom tes nrog cov neeg siv khoom, cov haujlwm niaj hnub tsim cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem raug txo kom tsawg, yog li nws ua rau txo qis hauv kev npaj ntau lawm.Nws kuj suav nrog kev ua haujlwm kom kho cov kev tswj xyuas thiab lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov khoom. Mounting point (Virtual AOI).
Piv txwv ntawm tag nrho cov duab system
Automated ua hauj lwm (excerpt)
· CAD import
· Offset mark chaw
· PCB chamfering
· Mounting point misalignment kho
· Tsim txoj haujlwm
· Kev ua kom zoo
· PPD tso zis
· Download tau
Data Creation System – Optimization of setup (xaiv)
Hauv kev tsim khoom nrog ntau tus qauv, kev teeb tsa ua haujlwm raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thiab optimized.
Rau ntau tshaj ib qho PCB sib koom ua ke sib koom ua ke, ntau qhov kev teeb tsa yuav tsum tau ua vim qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.Yuav kom txo tau cov teeb meem kev teeb tsa uas yuav tsum tau ua hauv qhov xwm txheej no, qhov kev xaiv no faib cov PCBs rau hauv cov khoom sib xws, xaiv ib lub rooj ( s) rau kev teeb tsa thiab yog li automates tivthaiv kev tso kawm ua haujlwm.Nws pab txhawb kev txhim kho kev teeb tsa thiab txo cov sijhawm npaj ntau lawm rau cov neeg siv khoom tsim ntau yam khoom me me.
Piv txwv
Kev txhim kho kom zoo – Cov ntaub ntawv zoo saib
Qhov no yog software tsim los txhawb kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov tsis xws luag los ntawm kev tso saib cov ntaub ntawv ntsig txog kev ua haujlwm zoo (xws li, feeder txoj haujlwm siv, lees paub qhov txiaj ntsig offset thiab cov ntaub ntawv seem) ib qho PCB lossis qhov chaw tso kawm.Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm peb lub taub hau soj ntsuam qhia, qhov chaw tsis xws luag tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv kev koom tes nrog cov ntaub ntawv zoo.
Cov ntaub ntawv zoo saib qhov rais
Piv txwv ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv zoo saib
Txheeb xyuas lub feeder siv rau mounting ntawm lub Circuit Court boards.Thiab yog hais tias, piv txwv li, koj muaj ntau misalignments tom qab splicing, lub defect yam yuav tsum tau xav tias yog vim;
1.splicing yuam kev (pitch deviation yog qhia los ntawm kev paub offset qhov tseem ceeb)
2. Kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom siv (cov khoom siv tsis raug lossis cov neeg muag khoom)
Yog li koj tuaj yeem ua sai sai rau kev kho misalignment.
Specification
| Qauv ID | NPM-D3 | |||||
| Lub taub hau pem hauv ntej | Lub teeb 16-nozzle taub hau | 12-nozzle taub hau | 8-lub taub hau | 2-lub taub hau | Dispensing taub hau | Tsis muaj taub hau |
| Lub teeb 16-nozzle taub hau | NM-EJM6D | NM-EJM6D-MD | NM-EJM6D | |||
| 12-nozzle taub hau | ||||||
| 8-lub taub hau | ||||||
| 2-lub taub hau | ||||||
| Dispensing taub hau | NM-EJM6D-MD | NM-EJM6D-D | ||||
| Lub taub hau soj ntsuam | NM-EJM6D-MA | NM-EJM6D-A | ||||
| Tsis muaj taub hau | NM-EJM6D | NM-EJM6D-D | ||||
| PCB Qhov Loj * 1 (mm) | Dual-kab hom | L 50 x W 50 ~ L 510 x W 300 |
| Ib leeg-lanemode | L 50 x W 50 ~ L 510 x W 590 | |
| PCBexchangetime | Dual-lanemode | 0 s * * Tsis muaj 0s thaum lub sij hawm voj voog yog 3.6 s lossis tsawg dua |
| Ib leeg-lanemode | 3.6 s* * Thaum xaiv luv conveyors | |
| Hluav taws xob qhov chaw | 3-theem AC 200, 220, 380, 400, 420, 480V 2.7 kVA | |
| Pneumatic qhov chaw * 2 | 0.5 MPa, 100L / min (ANR) | |
| Qhov Loj * 2 (mm) | W 832 x D 2 652 * 3 x H 1 444 * 4 | |
| Pawg | 1 680 kg (Tsuas yog rau lub cev loj: Qhov no txawv nyob ntawm qhov kev xaiv configuration.) | |
| Qhov chaw taub hau | Lub teeb 16-nozzle taub hau (ib lub taub hau) | 12-nozzle taub hau (ib lub taub hau) | 8-nozzle taub hau (ib lub taub hau) | 2-nozzle taub hau (ib lub taub hau) | ||
| Hom ntau lawm [ON] | Hom ntau lawm [OFF] | |||||
| Max.ceev | 42 000 cph (0.086 s / nti) | 38 000 cph (0.095 s / nti) | 34 500 cph (0.104 s / nti) | 21 500 cph (0.167 s / nti) | 5 500 cph (0.655 s / nti) 4 250 cph (0.847 s / QFP) | |
| Qhov tseeb qhov chaw (Cpk □1) | ± 40 µm / nti | ± 30 μm / nti (± 25 μm / nti * 5) | ± 30 μm / nti | ± 30 µm / nti ± 30 µm / QFP □ 12mm rau □ 32mm ± 50 □ 12mm Underµm/QFP | ± 30 µm/QFP | |
| Cov khoom loj (mm) | 0402 nti * 6 rau L 6 x W 6 x T 3 | 03015 * 6 * 7 / 0402 nti * 6 rau L 6 x W 6 x T 3 | 0402 nti * 6 rau L 12 x W 12 x T 6.5 | 0402 nti * 6 rau L 32 x W 32 x T 12 | 0603 nti rau L 100 x W 90 x T 28 | |
| Cheebtsam muab | Taping | Loj: 4/8/12/16/24/32/44/56 mm | ||||
| Taping | Max.68 (4,8 hli daim kab xev, me reel) | |||||
| stick | Max.16 (ib leeg pub pub) | |||||
| Tais | Max.20 (ib lub tais feeder) | |||||
| Dispensing taub hau | Dot muab tshuaj | Kos kev faib tawm |
| Dispensing ceev | 0.16 s / dot (XY = 10 hli, Z = tsawg dua 4 hli txav, Tsis muaj θ kev sib hloov) | 4.25 s. |
| Adhesive txoj hauj lwm raug (Cpk □1) | ± 75 μm / teev | ± 100 μm / cov khoom |
| Cov khoom siv tau | 1608 nti rau SOP, PLCC, QFP, Connector, BGA, CSP | SOP, PLCC, QFP, Connector, BGA, CSP |
| Lub taub hau soj ntsuam | 2D soj ntsuam lub taub hau (A) | 2D tshuaj xyuas lub taub hau (B) | |
| Kev daws teeb meem | 18;m ua | 9;m ua | |
| Saib qhov loj (mm) | 44.4x 37.2 | 21.1 x 17.6 | |
| Inspectionb processingtime | SolderInspection * 9 | 0.35s / Saib qhov loj me | |
| Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv * 9 | 0.5s / Saib qhov loj me | ||
| Tshuaj ntsuam xyuas | SolderInspection * 9 | Chip tivthaiv: 100 μm x 150 μm lossis ntau dua (0603 mm lossis ntau dua) Pob khoom: φ150 μm lossis ntau dua | Chip tivthaiv: 80 μm x 120 μm lossis ntau dua (0402 mm lossis ntau dua) Pob khoom: φ120 μm lossis ntau dua |
| Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv * 9 | Square nti (0603 mm lossis ntau dua), SOP, QFP (ib lub suab ntawm 0.4 mm lossis ntau dua), CSP, BGA, Aluminium electrolysis capacitor, Volume, Trimmer, Coil, Connector * 10 | Square nti (0402 hli lossis ntau dua), SOP, QFP (ib lub suab ntawm 0.3 hli lossis ntau dua), CSP, BGA, Aluminium electrolysis capacitor, Volume, Trimmer, Coil, Connector * 10 | |
| Cov khoom kuaj xyuas | SolderInspection * 9 | Oozing, plooj, misalignment, txawv txav, kev sib txuas | |
| Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv * 9 | ploj lawm, hloov, flipping, polarity, txawv teb chaws khoom soj ntsuam * 11 | ||
| Kev tshuaj xyuas txoj haujlwm raug *12(Cpk □1) | ± 20 hli | ± 10 hli | |
| Tsis muaj kev tshuaj xyuas | SolderInspection * 9 | ||
| Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv * 9 | |||
| *1: | Vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm PCB kev xa mus rau kev siv, kev sib txuas ncaj qha nrog NPM (NM-EJM9B) / NPM-W (NM-EJM2D) / NPM-W2 (NM-EJM7D) dual txoj kab specs tsis tuaj yeem tsim. |
| *2: | Tsuas yog rau lub cev tseem ceeb |
| *3: | Dimension D nrog rau lub tais feeder: 2 683 mmDimension D nrog rau lub laub feeder: 2 728 mm |
| *4: | Tsis suav nrog lub monitor, teeb liab ntauwd thiab qab nthab kiv cua npog. |
| *5: | ± 25 μm kev xaiv qhov kev tso kawm.(Raws li cov xwm txheej tau teev tseg los ntawm Panasonic) |
| * 6: | Lub 03015/0402 mm nti yuav tsum muaj ib lub nozzle / feeder. |
| *7: | Kev them nyiaj yug rau 03015 mm nti tso chaw yog nyob ntawm yeem. |
| *8: | Lub sijhawm ntsuas qhov siab PCB ntawm 0.5s suav nrog. |
| * 9: | Ib lub taub hau tsis tuaj yeem tswj xyuas kev tshuaj xyuas thiab tshuaj xyuas cov khoom tib lub sijhawm. |
| * 10: | Thov mus saib phau ntawv qhia tshwj xeeb kom paub meej. |
| *11: | Cov khoom txawv teb chaws muaj rau cov khoom siv chip.(Tsis suav nrog 03015 mm nti) |
| * 12: | Qhov no yog qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas qhov tseeb ntsuas los ntawm peb qhov kev siv peb cov iav PCB rau dav hlau calibration.Nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. |
* Lub sij hawm muab qhov chaw tact, lub sij hawm soj ntsuam thiab qhov tseeb qhov tseem ceeb yuav txawv me ntsis nyob ntawm tej yam kev mob.
* Thov xa mus rau phau ntawv qhia tshwj xeeb kom paub meej.
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